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Your interpretations of nanotechnology

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For reference (and fun) we are gatherering your slant on 'Nanotechnology' - Send in your idea of what nanotechnolgy is.

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We are going to list everyones idea on the concept of nanotechnology. Whether funny, off the wall or serious we would love to hear from you. All submissions will get your name and url acknowledged.

Here is one slightly understated submission - 'Nanotechnology is about small things'

So come on nanoviper's lets be hearing form you. You can use the form below. 100 words or less please. http://www.nanovip.com/contact

Read the results - http://www.nanovip.com/node/53670

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¿Qué es la Nanotecnología? (Spanish)

Benj — Wed, 11 Oct 2006 19:14:33 +0000

¿Qué es la Nanotecnología? Presentación de Nanovip.com Se autoriza la reproducción de esta presentación con la condición de que aparezca un enlace a la fuente del documento: http://www.nanovip.com . Introducción El objetivo de este documento es explicar qué es exactamente la Nanotecnología y presentar de manera concisa los conceptos fundamentales de esta materia para que las personas que desconozcan este campo tengan una idea general de las perspectivas y las cuestiones que estarán presentes por sí mismas en los próximos años. Hemos de advertir al lector que incluso la definición de "Nanotecnología" es polémica y es posible que alguien quiera calificar nuestra definición. Por esta razón, hemos basado nuestra definición en los conceptos que sostienen los profesionales del campo en la actualidad. Definición Nanotecnología: es el desarrollo y la aplicación práctica de estructuras y sistemas en una escala nanométrica (entre 1 y 100 nanómetros). No hay que confundirla con el término "Nanociencia", que no implica una aplicación práctica pero sí el estudio científico de las propiedades del mundo nanométrico. "Nano" es un prefijo griego que significa "mil millones" (una mil millonésima parte de un metro es la unidad de medida que se usa en el ámbito de la Nanotecnología). Un átomo es más pequeño que un nanómetro, pero una molécula puede ser mayor. Una dimensión de 100 nanómetros es importante la Nanotecnología porque bajo este límite se pueden observar nuevas propiedades en la materia, principalmente debido a las leyes de la Física Cuántica. Hay dos tipos de Nanotecnología A) Top-down: Reducción de tamaño. Literalmente desde arriba (mayor) hasta abajo (menor). Los mecanismos y las estructuras se miniaturizan a escala nanométrica. Este tipo de Nanotecnología ha sido el más frecuente hasta la fecha, más concretamente en el ámbito de la electrónica donde predomina la miniaturización. B) Bottom-Up: Auto ensamblado. Literalmente desde abajo (menor) hasta arriba (mayor). Se comienza con una estructura nanométrica como una molécula y mediante un proceso de montaje o auto ensamblado, se crea un mecanismo mayor que el mecanismo con el que comenzamos. Este enfoque, que algunos consideran como el único y "verdadero" enfoque nanotecnológico, ha de permitir que la materia pueda controlarse de manera extremadamente precisa. De esta manera podremos liberarnos de las limitaciones de la miniaturización, muy presentes en el campo de la electrónica. El último paso para la Nanotecnología de auto montaje de dentro hacia fuera se denomina "Nanotecnología molecular" o "fabricación molecular", y ha sido desarrollada por el investigador K. Eric Drexler. Se prevé que las fábricas moleculares reales sean capaces de crear cualquier material mediante procesos de montaje exponencial de átomos y moléculas, controlados con precisión. Cuando alguien se da cuenta de que la totalidad de nuestro entorno perceptivo está construida mediante un limitado alfabeto de diferentes constituyentes (átomos) y que este alfabeto da lugar a creaciones tan diversas como el agua, los diamantes o los huesos, es fácil imaginar el potencial casi ilimitado que ofrece el montaje molecular. Algunos partidarios de una visión más conservadora de la Nanotecnología ponen en duda la viabilidad de la fabricación molecular y de este modo tienen una visión contradictoria a largo plazo con respecto a la teoría de Eric Drexler, el defensor más conocido de la teoría de la fabricación molecular. Es importante tener en cuenta de alguna manera esta nota discordante, porque la mayoría de los investigadores involucrados piensan que la madurez de la Nanotecnología es una evolución positiva y que la Nanotecnología mejorará de manera significativa la calidad de la vida en el planeta (y en el espacio) de la población mundial. Perspectivas Hay que saber algo fundamental acerca de la Nanotecnología: la materia se manipula hasta llegar hasta su elemento más básico, el átomo. La Nanotecnología es un avance lógico, inevitable en el transcurso del progreso humano. Más que un mero progreso en el limitado campo de la tecnología, representa el proceso de nacimiento de una nueva "era" en la que usamos todas las posibilidades de la Nanotecnología. Son múltiples las áreas en las que la Nanotecnología tiene aplicaciones potenciales: desde potentes filtros solares que bloquean los rayos ultravioleta hasta nanorobots diseñados para realizar reparaciones celulares. A continuación se enumera una lista con algunos ejemplos de los principales campos que se verán afectados por los avances de la Nanotecnología: Materiales: nuevos materiales, más duros, más duraderos y resistentes, más ligeros y más baratos. Electrónica: los componentes electrónicos serán cada vez más y más pequeños, lo que facilitará el diseño de ordenadores mucho más potentes. Energía: se prevé un gran aumento de las posibilidades de generación de energía solar, por ejemplo. Salud y Nanobiotecnología: hay grandes expectativas en las áreas de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades. Por ejemplo, podrán colocarse sondas nanoscópicas en un lugar para medir nuestro estado de salud las veinticuatro horas del día, se desarrollarán nuevas herramientas para luchar contra las enfermedades hereditarias mediante el análisis genético y se podrán crear indicadores que detecten y destruyan, una a una, células cancerígenas. Estas son algunas de las posibles aplicaciones. Los avances en estos campos tendrán repercusión en una amplia gama de industrias como la industria de los cosméticos, la industria farmacéutica, la industria de los electrodomésticos, la industria higiénica, el sector de la construcción, el sector de las comunicaciones, la industria de seguridad y defensa y la industria de la exploración espacial. Nuestro entorno también se beneficiará, en tanto que la producción de energía será más económica y limpia y se utilizarán materiales más ecológicos. En breve, muchas áreas de nuestra vida diaria se verán afectadas de una manera u otra por el avance de la Nanotecnología. La Nanotecnología nos permitirá hacerlo todo mejor y con menos esfuerzo. Agenda En la actualidad, al comienzo del tercer milenio, los productos nanotecnológicos ya están disponibles en el mercado. Así, es posible comprar raquetas de tenis más ligeras y más resistentes compuestas de nanotubos de carbón o cosméticos que contienen nanopartículas que facilitan la absorción. Pero aún estamos lejos de la época de la Nanotecnología, cuando ésta tenga efecto en nuestra vida diaria. ¿Cuándo se producirá esa revolución? ¿Cuándo nos beneficiaremos de manera substancial de los avances en la investigación y en el desarrollo de la Nanotecnología? Los cálculos varían. Se calcula que a partir del 2010 y hasta el 2040 se producirá un desarrollo progresivo del enfoque de “bottom-up” hasta que culmine en la fabricación molecular, de manera que podamos comprobar si esta teoría se puede poner en práctica sin grandes obstáculos. Intereses, responsabilidades Los intereses involucrados en el desarrollo de Nanotecnología son continentales: América, Europa y Asia están preparando campañas de desarrollo en curso que no se concluirán a corto plazo. Se están realizando grandes inversiones para desarrollar la Nanotecnología en todo el mundo. Si por razones éticas extremistas o a causa de la prudencia antiapocalíptica, se intenta ahogar el avance de esta gran revolución post-industrial que actualmente se está desarrollando, sería un grave error estratégico porque ahora más que nunca la competencia mundial seguirá creciendo y los nuevos súper poderes de la Nanotecnología van a aparecer, sobre todo en Asia. Por ello, si hay que incentivar el desarrollo de la Nanotecnología, los esfuerzos han de realizarse en la dirección adecuada: han de establecerse garantías, porque al igual que con todos los grandes avances tecnológicos, las nuevas posibilidades contienen incógnitas y riesgos que debemos conocer, como una nueva carrera armamentística, basada en armas más pequeñas y más mortíferas. Compañías de Nanotecnología en España -------------------- Si después de haber leído esta corta presentación, desea saber más sobre la Nanotecnología y desea tener acceso a información práctica acerca de este tema, a continuación se incluye una lista de sitios web especializados, cada uno de ellos líder en su campo. Instituto Foresight Es una organización que tiene como objetivo el fomento de las tecnologías incipientes, en particular la Nanotecnología. Aquí encontrará documentación completa sobre esta materia. Nanovip.com Este recurso es el más completo directorio de referencia de compañías internacionales de Nanotecnología, ordenadas por industria y por país. Para añadir su nano-empresa a esta página, haga clic aquí. Nanotech-now Una página que incluye noticias diarias e información del mundo de la Nanotecnología. CRN Esta página informativa trata los intereses y los desafíos que la Nanotecnología implica, en particular la fabricación molecular. Howard Lovy blog Howard Lovy, un comentarista de web-log (blog) independiente, presenta en su página interesantes primicias y anécdotas del mundo de la Nanotecnología.

Over 1600 nanotechnology companies' information database download

Benj — Mon, 01 Jan 2007 14:50:17 +0000

Nanotechnology revenues are estimated to reach $1 Trillion worldwide by 2015*. From this page you will be able to download a ready to print pack of pdf documents containing the 1600 + nanotechnology companies records from nanovip.com's database. This will help you stay on the edge and identify all the business stakeholders to find potential partners and competitors.

What is nanotechnology ?

Benj — Wed, 11 Oct 2006 17:27:01 +0000

What is Nanotechnology? Presentation by Nanovip.com Reproduction of this presentation is authorized on the condition that a link is provided to the source: http://www.nanovip.com . Introduction The goal for this page is to explain what Nanotechnologies are and to present in a succinct manner the essential principal notions on the subject, so that newcomers to the field are given an overview of the perspectives and issues which will undoubtedly present themselves in the years to come. We should warn the reader that even the definition of “Nanotechnology” is controversial, and that some may wish to qualify our definition. For that reason, we have based our definition on the notions currently held by the professionals in the field. Definition Nanotechnology: The development and practical applications of structures and devices on a nanometer scale (between 1 and 100 nanometers). -This is not to be confused with the term "Nanoscience", which does not describe a practical application but rather the scientific study of the properties of the nanometric world. -"Nano" is a Greek prefix which signifies a "billionth" (one billionth of a meter is the unit of measure in the field of nanotechnology). An atom is smaller than a nanometer, but a molecule can be larger than this measure. -A dimension of 100 nanometers is important in nanotechnology, because under this limit one observes new properties of matter, primarily due to the laws of quantum physics. 2 types of Nanotechnologies A) Top-Down: From top (larger) to bottom (smaller). Mechanisms and structures are miniaturized to a nanometric scale. This has been the most frequent application of nanotechnology up to this point, in particular in the domain of electronics where miniaturization is preponderant. B) Bottom-Up: From bottom (smaller) to top (larger). We begin with a nanometric structure such as a molecule, and through a process of assembly or self-assembly we create a mechanism larger than that with which we began. This approach, considered by some to be the one and only "true" nanotechnology, should allow an extremely precise control of matter. It is in this way that we will be able to free ourselves from the limits of miniaturization, notably in the domain of electronics. The ultimate step for Bottom-Up Nanotechnology is called "molecular nanotechnology", or "molecular manufacturing", which has been brought to the forefront by the researcher K. Eric Drexler. True molecular factories are envisioned, capable of creating any material through a process of precisely controlled exponential assembly of atoms and molecules. When one realizes that the totality of our perceptible environment is constructed of a limited alphabet of different constituents (atoms), which give rise to creations as diverse as water, diamond, or bone, it is easy to imagine the nearly limitless potential which molecular assembly offers. Some partisans of a more conservative vision of Nanotechnology contest the feasibility of molecular manufacturing, and thus hold a conflicting long-term view to that of Eric Drexler, the foremost proponent of molecular manufacturing theory. It is important to keep this dissention in perspective however, because most of the researchers involved feel that the maturity of Nanotechnology is a positive development, and that Nanotechnologies will significantly improve the quality of life on Earth (and in space) for the world’s population. Perspectives There is something ultimate about Nanotechnology: matter is manipulated at its most elementary level, the atom. Nanotechnologies are a logical step, unavoidable in the course of human progress. More than just progress in a narrow realm of technology, this represents the birth process of a new "age" as we harness Nanotechnology’s potential. The areas of potential applications are multiple; from powerful UV-blocking sunscreens to nano-robots designed to repair at the cellular level. Below is presented a non-exhaustive list of the principal domains which will be affected by developments in Nanotechnology: -Materials: new materials, harder, more durable and resistant, lighter and less expensive. -Electronics: electronic components will become smaller and smaller, allowing the design of more powerful computers. -Energy: a vast increase in the potential of solar energy generation is envisioned, for example. -Health and nanobiotechnologies: great expectations are held in the areas of prevention, diagnostics, and treatment. For example, nanoscopic probes could be put in place to measure our state of health around the clock, new tools could be developed to fight genetic disease at the level of the gene, and markers could be created to detect and, one by one, destroy cancerous cells, just to name a few of the many possibilities. Developments in these domains would impact a broad range of industries, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, consumer appliances, hygienics, construction, communication, security and safety, and space exploration. Our environment will benefit as well, in terms of clean, economical energy production, and the use of more environmentally friendly materials. If brief, many areas of our daily lives will be affected in one way or another by the development of Nanotechnologies, because Nanotechnologies will permit us to do better, with less. Timetable As of today, at the dawn of the Third Millennium, nanotechnological products are already on the market. Thus, one can purchase lighter and stronger tennis rackets composed of carbon nanotubes, or even cosmetics containing nanoparticles which allow better penetration of the skin. But we are still far from the nanotechnology era which will impact our daily lives. When will that revolution take place? When will we benefit substantially from progress in Nanotechnology research and development? The estimates vary. The predicted range is from the years 2010 to 2040, with the progressive development of the Bottom-Up approach to its end-point of molecular manufacturing, so that we can test if this theory can be put to practical use without any major obstacles. Stakes, responsibilities The stakes involved in the development of Nanotechnologies are continental: America, Europe, and Asia are actively preparing for ongoing development efforts which won’t be stopping anytime soon. Massive investments are being made for the purpose of developing Nanotechnologies all over the world. To try to suffocate the development of this great post-industrial revolution currently taking shape for extremist ethical reasons, or for anti-apocalyptic prudence, would be a grave error in strategy, because more than ever world competition will continue to develop, and new Nanotechnology super-powers may appear, notably in Asia. So, if the development of Nanotechnologies is to be encouraged, the effort must be made in the right direction: safeguards must be put in place, because as with all great technological advances, new potentialities contain unknowns and risks about which we must be concerned, such as a new arms race based on smaller, deadlier weapons. Browse our site to find nanotechnology companies

Full Company Database download

Benj — Tue, 10 Oct 2006 16:05:34 +0000

From this page you will be able to download a ready to print pack of pdf documents containing all of the nanotechnology companies records from nanovip.com's database.

**NEW: UPDATED 2007 version now available. Get the entire Nanovip.com database !**
It can be handy to have the entire content of the Nanovip.com database, as an easily printable database for offline consulting, at a meeting with other colleagues or while researching potential customers for example. Even the Internet didn't totally eclipse the comfort from offline consultation ! This is why you can now download, for a modest fee, a pack of PDF documents containing all the companies' links from our database. You will hardly find a more comprehensive list of nanotechnology companies, and our price is very competitive. ( to learn about affiliate reselling opportunity, click here. )

Here is what you get for only $99

4 PDF documents:

Categories classification: 1608 companies and institutions sorted per activity. See summary below.
Geographic classification: 1608 companies and institutions sorted per location. See summary below
Academic classification: 185 academic research institutions
Stocks classification: 128 nanotechnology stocks

-For each company: Name, Url, short description, category, location and contact information. (Contact Emails were not included in the document, to avoid spamming issues.)

Download a free preview of the document containing the first 7 pages of our Nanovip Printable database in its "per category" version.

Online payment secured by Paypal :

-Our online ordering form is secure. Delivery: Email, usually up to 1 hour after purchase.
-When ordering, make sure to enter a valid email address: this is where we will send you the document

Here is the complete summary of our Nanovip Printable documents:

Nanotechnology Companies and institutions, per categories

Page 5 ............ Capital and funding
Page 14 .......... Investing and trading
Page 17 .......... Computers
Page 19 .......... Software
Page 23 .......... Imaging and microscopy
Page 35 .......... Consulting
Page 50 .......... Legal
Page 53 .......... Organizations
Page 71 .......... Electronics
Page 78 .......... Display
Page 82 .......... Mems
Page 89 .......... RFID
Page 90 .......... Energy
Page 96 .......... Fuell Cells
Page 98 .......... Governmental
Page 100 ........ Army and defence
Page 102 ........ Space
Page 103 ........ Life Sciences
Page 104 ........ Biotechnology
Page 117 ........ Medicine and health
Page 132 ........ Miscellaneous
Page 139 ........ Environment
Page 140 ........ Ethics
Page 141 ........ Internet Domains
Page 142 ........ Jobs
Page 143 ........ Multimedia
Page 144 ........ Materials
Page 167 ........ Nano Powders
Page 175 ........ Nanotubes
Page 185 ........ Thin Films
Page 194 ........ News and information companies and sites
Page 200 ........ Blogs
Page 203 ........ Physics
Page 204 ........ Chemistry
Page 210 ........ Optics
Page 214 ........ Products and applications
Page 225 ........ Automotive
Page 227 ........ Cleaning
Page 228 ........ Cosmetic
Page 229 ........ Food
Page 230 ........ Sensor
Page 232 ........ Sports
Page 233 ........ Textile
Page 235 ........ Research
Page 251 ........ Laboratories
Page 259 ........ Tools and instruments
Page 285 ........ 3D printing
Page 286 ........ Nano lithography
Page 288 ........ Robotic

Nanotechnology Companies and institutions, per location

ASIA
Page 5 ......... China
Page 10 ....... India
Page 12 ....... Japan
Page 17 ....... Korea
Page 21 ....... Malaysia
Page 22 ....... Singapore
Page 24 ....... Taiwan
Page 26 ....... Thailand
Page 26 ....... Vietnam

EUROPE
Page 27 ........ Austria
Page 29 ........ Belgium
Page 30 ........ Bulgaria
Page 30 ........ Cyprus
Page 31 ........ Denemark
Page 33 ........ Finland
Page 36 ........ France
Page 40 ........ Germany
Page 54 ........ Greece
Page 55 ........ Ireland
Page 56 ........ Italy
Page 59 ........ Netherlands
Page 60 ........ Norway
Page 62 ........ Romania
Page 63 ........ Spain
Page 65 ........ Sweden
Page 67 ........ Ukraine
Page 68 ........ United Kingdom

MIDDLE EAST
Page 79 ........ Iran
Page 80 ........ Israel
Page 83 ........ Turkey

NORTH AMERICA
Page 84 ........ Canada
Page 93 ........ USA

OTHER LOCATIONS
Page 198 ....... South Africa
Page 198 ....... Australia
Page 203 ....... Gibraltar
Page 203 ....... New Zealand
Page 205 ....... Russia
Page 207 ....... Switzerland

CENTRAL AND SOUTHERN AMERICA
Page 212 ....... Colombia
Page 212 ....... Mexico

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Nanovip.com book

Benj — Wed, 04 Oct 2006 16:31:57 +0000

This book explains how to use the site.

Knowledge books

Benj — Sat, 07 Oct 2006 12:58:16 +0000

A book is a collaborative writing effort: users can collaborate writing the pages of the book, positioning the pages in the right order, and reviewing or modifying pages previously written.

Qu'est-ce que la nanotechnologie ? (French)

Benj — Wed, 11 Oct 2006 19:08:05 +0000

Qu’est-ce que la Nanotechnologie ? Présentation par Nanovip.com Reproduction autorisée, à condition de citer et faire un lien vers la source : http://www.nanovip.com . Introduction Cette page a pour but d’expliquer ce que sont les Nanotechnologies et de présenter succinctement les principales notions essentielles du sujet, afin que le lecteur novice puisse se faire une idée des perspectives et enjeux qui ne manqueront pas de se présenter au cours des prochaines années. Nous tenons à avertir le lecteur que la définition même de " Nanotechnologie " est controversée, et que certains seront tentés de nuancer notre définition. Nous avons cependant établi notre définition sur les notions communément admises par les professionnels du milieu. Définition Nanotechnologie : Le développement, l’exploitation pratique de structures et de dispositifs à l’échelle nanométrique (entre 1 et 100 nanomètres). -A ne pas confondre avec le mot " Nanoscience ", qui ne désigne pas une application pratique mais l’étude scientifique des propriétés du monde nanométrique. -" Nano " est un préfixe grec qui signifie un " milliardième " (de mètre dans les cas des nanotechnologies). Un atome est plus petit qu’un nanomètre, alors qu’une molécule peut dépasser cette mesure. -La dimension de 100 nanomètres est importante en Nanotechnologie, car sous cette limite, on peut observer de nouveaux comportements de la matière, notamment à cause des lois de la physique quantique. 2 types de Nanotechnologies A) Top-down : De haut en bas. On va miniaturiser des dispositifs, des structures jusqu'à l’échelle nanométrique. C’est plutôt de cette façon que les technologies se sont débrouillées jusqu'à aujourd’hui, en particulier dans le domaine de l’électronique où la miniaturisation est prépondérante. B) Bottom-up : De bas en Haut. On va partir d’une structure nanométrique comme une molécule, pour obtenir le dispositif voulu, plus grand que la structure initiale, par assemblage ou auto-assemblage. Cette approche, considérée par certains comme la " seule et vraie " nanotechnologie, devrait permettre un contrôle extrêmement précis de la matière. C’est de cette façon que l’on va s’affranchir des limitations de la miniaturisation, notamment dans le domaine de l’électronique. L’étape ultime de la Nanotechnologie Bottom-Up est appelée la " nanotechnologie moléculaire ", ou " fabrication moléculaire " et a été mis en perspective par le chercheur K. Eric Drexler. Elle théorise de véritables usines moléculaires, capables de créer n’importe quel matériau par assemblage précis, contrôlé et exponentiel d’atomes et de molécules. Quand on réalise que la totalité de notre environnement perceptible est constitué comme un alphabet, par un nombre limité de constituants différents (atomes), qui selon leur agencement, peuvent donner des créations aussi divers, que l’eau, le diamant, ou l’os, on entrevoie aisément le potentiel quasi-illimité offert par la fabrication moléculaire. Des partisans de la vision plus conservative des Nanotechnologies contestent la faisabilité de la fabrication moléculaire, et se heurtent ainsi à la vision à long terme d’Eric Drexler, le pilier de la théorie sur la fabrication moléculaire. On peut qualifier cette dissension de Nano schisme, même si la majorité des chercheurs s’accorde à dire qu’à maturité d’un développement positif, les nanotechnologies devraient améliorer très significativement les conditions de vie sur terre (et dans l’espace) pour l’ensemble de la population. Perspectives Il y a quelque chose d’ultime dans les nanotechnologies : la matière est manipulée à son niveau le plus élémentaire : l’atome. Les nanotechnologies sont une étape logique, inéluctable du progrès humain. Plus qu’un progrès technologique circonscrit, c’est un nouvel " age " qui est en train de naître avec la maîtrise nanotechnologique. Les domaines d’applications seront multiples ; de la crème solaire aux nano robots réparateurs de cellules. Voici une liste non exhaustive des principaux domaines qui seront affectés par les nanotechnologies : -Les matériaux : de nouveaux matériaux, plus durs, plus résistants, plus légers et moins coûteux. -L’électronique : des composants électroniques toujours plus petits, permettant des calculateurs toujours plus puissants. -Les énergies : avec par exemple un décuplement du potentiel des énergies solaires. -La Santé et les nanobiotechnologies: tant du point de vue de la prévention, du diagnostique et du traitement. Par exemple, des sondes nanoscopiques pourront en permanence surveiller notre état de santé, de nouveaux outils pourront permettre l’élaboration de traitements contre des maladies génétiques, des marqueurs pourront détecter et détruire une à une des cellules cancéreuses etc etc…. De ces larges domaines, découlera un impact sur un vaste spectre d’industries, telles les cosmétiques, les pharmaceutiques, l’automobile, l’électroménager, l’hygiène, le bâtiment, la communication, la sécurité, la conquête spatiale…. L’environnement également, bénéficiera à terme d’énergies plus propres, plus économes, et de matériaux moins polluants. Bref, de très nombreux aspects de notre vie quotidienne seront d’une manière ou d’une autre affectés par la maîtrise des Nanotechnologies, car les Nanotechnologies vont permettre de faire mieux, avec moins. Calendrier Au jour d’aujourd’hui, en ce début de troisième millénaire, des produits nanotechnologiques existent déjà dans le commerce. Ainsi on peut se procurer des raquettes de tennis plus résistantes et légères car composées en parties de nanotubes de carbone, ou encore des cosmétiques contenant des nano particules assurant une meilleure pénétration de l’épiderme. Mais on est encore loin de l’ère nanotechnologique qui envahira notre quotidien. Quand la révolution aura elle lieu ? Quand bénéficierons nous massivement des progrès des Nanotechnologies ? Les estimations varient. Les extrêmes vont de 2010 à 2040, avec progressivement, un développement de l’approche de bas en haut pour aboutir à la fabrication moléculaire si cette théorie peut être mise en pratique sans obstacle majeur. Enjeux, responsabilités L’enjeu du développement des nanotechnologies est continental : l’Amérique, l’Europe et l’Asie s’apprêtent activement à un développement conséquent qui ne s’arrêtera pas de sitôt. Des investissements massifs sont débloqués en vue du développement des Nanotechnologies de par le monde. Etouffer le développement de la grande révolution post industrielle qui se dessine, pour des raisons d’éthique extrême ou de prudence anti-apocalypse serait une grave erreur au niveau stratégique, car plus que jamais, la compétition mondiale sera nourrie, à un tel point que de nouveaux pôles de super puissance pourraient apparaître, notamment en Asie. Cependant, si le développement des Nanotechnologies doit être encouragé, il est à orienter très sérieusement dans le bon sens : des garde fous sont à placer, car comme toute grande avancée technologique, les nouvelles potentialités offertes réservent des inconnus et des risques à craindre telle une compétition effrénée vers de nouvelles armes plus petites et meurtrières. Explorer notre annuaire d'entreprises de nanotechnologie en France -------------------- Si vous désirez enrichir vos connaissances et informations pratiques sur les Nanotechnologies après cette brève présentation, voici une liste de sites spécialisés. Chacun de ces sites est un leader dans son domaine. Foresight Institute Organisation dont le but est de faire avancer les technologies émergentes, en particulier les Nanotechnologies. Vous trouverez sur ce site une documentation complète sur le sujet. Nanovip.com La référence en matière d’annuaire International d’entreprises nanotechnologiques, classées par pays et industrie. Pour ajouter votre entreprise, merci de cliquez ici. Nanotech-now Pour être informé au quotidien des nouvelles du monde nanotechnologique. CRN Site informatif qui présente le enjeux et défis des Nanotechnologies, en particulier de la fabrication moléculaire. Howard Lovy blog Blog indépendant d’Howard Lovy, qui fait part de tous les scoops et anecdotes du monde des Nanotechnologies.

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Benj — Wed, 11 Oct 2006 17:04:40 +0000

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Introduction
Nanovip.com has compiled a download version of its nanotechnology companies database.
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Benj — Tue, 10 Oct 2006 11:25:15 +0000

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Benj — Tue, 10 Oct 2006 16:01:48 +0000

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How do carbon nanotubes work : Carbon Nanotube 101

Benj — Wed, 04 Oct 2006 16:52:03 +0000

( Nanovip.com note: this thorough presentation, was redacted and kindly submitted by Mike Foley, our partner from Cheap Tubes, Inc. As a nanovip.com visitor, you can save 5% when purchasing your nanotubes from Mike. Learn more at: http://www.nanotubes-broker.com/ ) CARBON NANOTUBE 101 A practical guide to understanding their properties, applications, production, markets and utility. The intent of this paper is to convey a general understanding of what carbon Nanotubes are, how they are produced, their many unique and interesting properties, markets, and applications. History of CNTs In 1980 we knew of only three forms of carbon, namely diamond, graphite, and amorphous carbon. Today we know there is a whole family of other forms of carbon. The first to be discovered was the hollow, cagelike buckminsterfullerene molecule - also known as the buckyball, or the C60 fullerene. There are now thirty or more forms of fullerenes, and also an extended family of linear molecules, carbon nanotubes. C60 is the first spherical carbon molecule, with carbon atoms arranged in a soccer ball shape. In the structure there are 60 carbon atoms and a number of five-membered rings isolated by six-membered rings. The second, slightly elongated, spherical carbon molecule in the same group resembles a rugby ball, has seventy carbon atoms and is known as C70. C70’s structure has extra six-membered carbon rings, but there are also a large number of other potential structures containing the same number of carbon atoms. Their particular shapes depend on whether five-membered rings are isolated or not, or whether seven-membered rings are present. Many other forms of fullerenes up to and beyond C120 have been characterized, and it is possible to make other fullerene structures with five-membered rings in different positions and sometimes adjoining one another. [“Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, (2002)] The important fact for nanotechnology is that useful dopant atoms can be placed inside the hollow fullerene ball. Atoms contained within the fullerene are said to be endohedral. Of course they can also be bonded to fullerenes outside the ball as salts, if the fullerene can gain electrons. [“Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, (2002)] Endohedral fullerenes can be produced in which metal atoms are captured within the fullerene cages. Theory shows that the maximum electrical conductivity is to be expected for endohedral metal atoms, which will transfer three electrons to the fullerene. Fullerenes can be dispersed on the surface as a monolayer. That is, there is only one layer of molecules, and they are said to be mono dispersed. Provided fullerenes can be placed in very specific locations, they may be aligned to form a fullerene wire. Systems with appropriate material inside the fullerene ball are conducting and are of particular interest because they can be deposited to produce bead-like conducting circuits. Combining endohedrally doped structures with non-doped structures changes the actual composition of a fullerene wire, so that it may be tailored in-situ during patterning. Hence within a single wire, insulating and conducting regions may be precisely defined. One-dimensional junction engineering becomes realistic with fullerenes. [“Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, (2002)] Possibly more important than fullerenes are Carbon nanotubes, which are related to graphite. The molecular structure of graphite resembles stacked, one-atom-thick sheets of chicken wire - a planar network of interconnected hexagonal rings of carbon atoms. In conventional graphite, the sheets of carbon are stacked on top of one another, allowing them to easily slide over each other. That is why graphite is not hard, but it feels greasy, and can be used as a lubricant. When graphene sheets are rolled into a cylinder and their edges joined, they form CNTs. Only the tangents of the graphitic planes come into contact with each other, and hence their properties are more like those of a molecule. [“Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, (2002)] CNTs come in a variety of diameters, lengths, and functional group content. CNTs today are available for industrial applications in bulk quantities up metric ton quantities from Cheap Tubes. Several CNT manufacturers have >100 ton per year production capacity for multi walled nanotubes. A nanotube may consist of one tube of graphite, a one-atom thick single-wall nanotube, or a number of concentric tubes called multiwalled nanotubes. When viewed with a transmission electron microscope these tubes appear as planes. Whereas single walled nanotubes appear as two planes, in multi walled nanotubes more than two planes are observed, and can be seen as a series of parallel lines. There are different types of CNTs, because the graphitic sheets can be rolled in different ways. The three types of CNTs are Zigzag, Armchair, and Chiral. It is possible to recognize zigzag, armchair, and chiral CNTs just by following the pattern across the diameter of the tubes, and analyzing their cross-sectional structure. [“Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, (2002)] Multi walled nanotubes can come in an even more complex array of forms, because each concentric single-walled nanotube can have different structures, and hence there are a variety of sequential arrangements. The simplest sequence is when concentric layers are identical but different in diameter. However, mixed variants are possible, consisting of two or more types of concentric CNTs arranged in different orders. These can have either regular layering or random layering. The structure of the nanotube influences its properties - including electrical and thermal conductivity, density, and lattice structure. Both type and diameter are important. The wider the diameter of the nanotube, the more it behaves like graphite. The narrower the diameter of the nanotube, the more its intrinsic properties depends upon its specific type. Production of Carbon Nanotubes There are a number of methods of making CNTs and fullerenes. Fullerenes were first observed after vaporizing graphite with a short-pulse, high-power laser, however this was not a practical method for making large quantities. CNTs have probably been around for a lot longer than was first realized, and may have been made during various carbon combustion and vapor deposition processes, but electron microscopy at that time was not advanced enough to distinguish them from other types of tubes. The first method for producing CNTs and fullerenes in reasonable quantities – was by applying an electric current across two carbonaceous electrodes in an inert gas atmosphere. This method is called plasma arcing. It involves the evaporation of one electrode as cations followed by deposition at the other electrode. This plasma-based process is analogous to the more familiar electroplating process in a liquid medium. Fullerenes and CNTs are formed by plasma arcing of carbonaceous materials, particularly graphite. The fullerenes appear in the soot that is formed, while the CNTs are deposited on the opposing electrode. Another method of nanotube synthesis involves plasma arcing in the presence of cobalt with a 3% or greater concentration. As noted above, the nanotube product is a compact cathode deposit of rod like morphology. However when cobalt is added as a catalyst, the nature of the product changes to a web, with strands of 1mm or so thickness that stretch from the cathode to the walls of the reaction vessel. The mechanism by which cobalt changes this process is unclear, however one possibility is that such metals affect the local electric fields and hence the formation of the five-membered rings. [“Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, (2002)] -Arc Method The carbon arc discharge method, initially used for producing C60 fullerenes, is the most common and perhaps easiest way to produce CNTs, as it is rather simple. However, it is a technique that produces a complex mixture of components, and requires further purification - to separate the CNTs from the soot and the residual catalytic metals present in the crude product. This method creates CNTs through arc-vaporization of two carbon rods placed end to end, separated by approximately 1mm, in an enclosure that is usually filled with inert gas at low pressure. Recent investigations have shown that it is also possible to create CNTs with the arc method in liquid nitrogen. A direct current of 50 to 100 A, driven by a potential difference of approximately 20 V, creates a high temperature discharge between the two electrodes. The discharge vaporizes the surface of one of the carbon electrodes, and forms a small rod-shaped deposit on the other electrode. Producing CNTs in high yield depends on the uniformity of the plasma arc, and the temperature of the deposit forming on the carbon electrode. [“Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, (2002)] -Laser Methods In 1996 CNTs were first synthesized using a dual-pulsed laser and achieved yields of >70wt% purity. Samples were prepared by laser vaporization of graphite rods with a 50:50 catalyst mixture of Cobalt and Nickel at 1200oC in flowing argon, followed by heat treatment in a vacuum at 1000oC to remove the C60 and other fullerenes. The initial laser vaporization pulse was followed by a second pulse, to vaporize the target more uniformly. The use of two successive laser pulses minimizes the amount of carbon deposited as soot. The second laser pulse breaks up the larger particles ablated by the first one, and feeds them into the growing nanotube structure. The material produced by this method appears as a mat of “ropes”, 10-20nm in diameter and up to 100um or more in length. Each rope is found to consist primarily of a bundle of single walled nanotubes, aligned along a common axis. By varying the growth temperature, the catalyst composition, and other process parameters, the average nanotube diameter and size distribution can be varied. Arc-discharge and laser vaporization are currently the principal methods for obtaining small quantities of high quality CNTs. However, both methods suffer from drawbacks. The first is that both methods involve evaporating the carbon source, so it has been unclear how to scale up production to the industrial level using these approaches. The second issue relates to the fact that vaporization methods grow CNTs in highly tangled forms, mixed with unwanted forms of carbon and/or metal species. The CNTs thus produced are difficult to purify, manipulate, and assemble for building nanotube-device architectures for practical applications. [“Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, (2002)] -Chemical Vapor Deposition Chemical vapor deposition of hydrocarbons over a metal catalyst is a classical method that has been used to produce various carbon materials such as carbon fibers and filaments. for over twenty years. Large amounts of CNTs can be formed by catalytic CVD of acetylene over Cobalt and iron catalysts supported on silica or zeolite. The carbon deposition activity seems to relate to the cobalt content of the catalyst, whereas the CNTs’ selectivity seems to be a function of the pH in catalyst preparation. Fullerenes and bundles of single walled nanotubes were also found among the multi walled nanotubes produced on the carbon/zeolite catalyst. Some researchers are experimenting with the formation of CNTs from ethylene. Supported catalysts such as iron, cobalt, and nickel, containing either a single metal or a mixture of metals, seem to induce the growth of isolated single walled nanotubes or single walled nanotubes bundles in the ethylene atmosphere. The production of single walled nanotubes, as well as double-walled CNTs, on molybdenum and molybdenum-iron alloy catalysts has also been demonstrated. CVD of carbon within the pores of a thin alumina template with or without a Nickel catalyst has been achieved. Ethylene was used with reaction temperatures of 545oC for Nickel-catalyzed CVD, and 900oC for an uncatalyzed process. The resultant carbon nanostructures have open ends, with no caps. Methane has also been used as a carbon source. In particular it has been used to obtain ‘nanotube chips’ containing isolated single walled nanotubes at controlled locations. High yields of single walled nanotubes have been obtained by catalytic decomposition of an H2/CH4 mixture over well-dispersed metal particles such as Cobalt, Nickel, and Iron on magnesium oxide at 1000oC. It has been reported that the synthesis of composite powders containing well-dispersed CNTs can be achieved by selective reduction in an H2/CH4 atmosphere of oxide solid solutions between a non-reducible oxide such as Al2O3 or MgAl2O4 and one or more transition metal oxides. The reduction produces very small transition metal particles at a temperature of usually >800oC. The decomposition of CH4 over the freshly formed nanoparticles prevents their further growth, and thus results in a very high proportion of single walled nanotubes and fewer multi walled nanotubes. [“Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, (2002)] -Ball Milling Ball milling and subsequent annealing is a simple method for the production of CNTs. Although it is well established that mechanical attrition of this type can lead to fully nano porous microstructures, it was not until a few years ago that CNTs of carbon and boron nitride were produced from these powders by thermal annealing. Essentially the method consists of placing graphite powder into a stainless steel container along with four hardened steel balls. The container is purged, and argon is introduced. The milling is carried out at room temperature for up to 150 hours. Following milling, the powder is annealed under an inert gas flow at temperatures of 1400oC for six hours. The mechanism of this process is not known, but it is thought that the ball milling process forms nanotube nuclei, and the annealing process activates nanotube growth. Research has shown that this method produces more multi walled nanotubes and few single walled nanotubes. [“Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, (2002)] -Other Methods CNTs can also be produced by diffusion flame synthesis, electrolysis, use of solar energy, heat treatment of a polymer, and low-temperature solid pyrolysis. In flame synthesis, combustion of a portion of the hydrocarbon gas provides the elevated temperature required, with the remaining fuel conveniently serving as the required hydrocarbon reagent. Hence the flame constitutes an efficient source of both energy and hydrocarbon raw material. Combustion synthesis has been shown to be scalable for high-volume commercial production. [“Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, (2002)] Purification Purification of CNTs generally refers to the separation of CNTs from other entities, such as carbon nanoparticles, amorphous carbon, residual catalyst, and other unwanted species. The classic chemical techniques for purification have been tried, but they have not been found to be effective in removing the undesirable impurities. Three basic methods have been used with varying degrees of success, namely gas-phase, liquid-phase, and intercalation methods. Generally, a centrifugal separation is necessary to concentrate the single walled nanotubes in low-yield soot before the micro filtration operation, since the nanoparticles easily contaminate membrane filters. The advantage of this method is that unwanted nanoparticles and amorphous carbon are removed simultaneously and the CNTs are not chemically modified. However 2-3 mol nitric acid is useful for chemically removing impurities. It is now possible to cut CNTs into smaller segments, by extended sonication in concentrated acid mixtures. The resulting CNTs form a colloidal suspension in solvents. They can be deposited on substrates, or further manipulated in solution, and can have many different functional groups attached to the ends and sides of the CNTs. [“Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, (2002)] -Gas Phase: The first successful technique for purification of nanotubes was developed by Thomas Ebbesen and coworkers. Following the demonstration that nanotubes could be selectively attached by oxidizing gases these workers realized that nanoparticles, with their defect rich structures might be oxidised more readily than the relatively perfect nanotubes. They found that a significant relative enrichment of nanotubes could be achieved this way, but only at the expense of losing the majority of the original sample. [“Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures : New Materials for the Twenty-first Century”, P. F. Harris, Cambridge University Press (1999) ISBN 0-521-55446-2 page 49] A new gas-phase method has been developed at the NASA Glenn Research Center to purify gram-scale quantities of single-wall CNTs. This method, a modification of a gas-phase purification technique previously reported by Smalley and others, uses a combination of high-temperature oxidations and repeated extractions with nitric and hydrochloric acid. This improved procedure significantly reduces the amount of impurities such as residual catalyst, and non-nanotube forms of carbon) within the CNTs, increasing their stability significantly. -Liquid Phase: The current liquid-phase purification procedure follows certain essential steps: ￻-preliminary filtration- to get rid of large graphite particles; ￻-dissolution- to remove fullerenes (in organic solvents) and catalyst particles (in concentrated acids) ￻-centrifugal separation ￻-microfiltration- and ￻-chromatography to either separate multi walled nanotubes and unwanted nanoparticles or single walled nanotubes and the amorphous carbon impurities. It is important to keep the CNTs well-separated in solution, so the CNTs are typically dispersed using a surfactant prior to the last stage of separation. -Intercalation: An alternative approach to purifying multi walled nanotubes was introduced in 1994 by a Japanese research group. This technique made use of the fact that nanoparticles and other graphitic contaminants have relatively “open” structures and can therefore be more readily intercalated with a variety of materials that can close nanotubes. By intercalating with copper chloride, and then reducing this to metallic copper, the research group was able to preferentially oxidize the nanoparticles away, using copper as an oxidation catalyst. Since 1994, this has become a popular method for purification of nanotubes. “The first stage is to immerse the crude cathodic deposit in a molten copper chloride and potassium chloride mixture at 400oC and leave it for one week. The product of this treatment, which contains intercalated nanoparticles and graphitic fragments, is then washed in ion exchanged water to remove excess copper chloride and potassium chloride. In order to reduce the intercalated copper chloride-potassium chloride metal, the washed product is slowly heated to 500oC in a mixture of Helium and hydrogen and held at this temperature for 1 hour. Finally, the material is oxidized in flowing air at a rate of 10oC/min to a temperature of 555oC. Samples of cathodic soot which have been treated this way consist almost entirely of nanotubes. A disadvantage of this method is that some amount of nanotubes are inevitably lost in the oxidation stage, and the final material may be contaminated with residues of intercalates. A similar purification technique, which involves intercalation with bromine followed by oxidation, has also been described. [“Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures : New Materials for the Twenty-first Century”, P. F. Harris, Cambridge University Press (1999) ISBN 0-521-55446-2 page 49] DISPERSION To disperse CNTs we recommend the following process. If using the Sonics VCX 750 or equivalent Using the SONICS VCX750 ultrasonic equipment, from Sonics & Materials, Inc. We find that adding the dispersant into the solution can accelerate the dispersion effect. The reagent polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) is a good dispersion agent. Some people like to use the reagent Sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate, but we find that the PVP is a better dispersing reagent. The solution is composed of CNTs, PVP, and water, in the proportions of 10 parts CNTs: ~1-2 parts PVP: 2,000 parts water. The required sonication time is ~2 to 8 minutes with an interruption of 10 seconds every 30 seconds. You must prolong the sonication time accordingly, if the power of your ultrasonic equipment is less than that of the SONICS VCX750 unit. It should be noted that our OH and COOH functionalized CNTs can usually be readily dispersed in DI water and a brief sonication step. This dispersion is very stable and the CNTs can remain in solution for weeks or months. -Functionalization Pristine nanotubes are unfortunately insoluble in many liquids such as water, polymer resins, and most solvents. Thus they are difficult to evenly disperse in a liquid matrix such as epoxies and other polymers. This complicates efforts to utilize the nanotubes’ outstanding physical properties in the manufacture of composite materials, as well as in other practical applications which require preparation of uniform mixtures of CNTs with many different organic, inorganic, and polymeric materials. To make nanotubes more easily dispersible in liquids, it is necessary to physically or chemically attach certain molecules, or functional groups, to their smooth sidewalls without significantly changing the nanotubes’ desirable properties. This process is called functionalization. The production of robust composite materials requires strong covalent chemical bonding between the filler particles and the polymer matrix, rather than the much weaker van der Waals physical bonds which occur if the CNTs are not properly functionalized. Functionalization methods such as chopping, oxidation, and “wrapping” of the CNTs in certain polymers can create more active bonding sites on the surface of the nanotubes. For biological uses, CNTs can be functionalized by attaching biological molecules, such as lipids, proteins, biotins, etc. to them. Then they can usefully mimic certain biological functions, such as protein adsorption, and bind to DNA and drug molecules. This would enable medially and commercially significant applications such as gene therapy and drug delivery. In biochemical and chemical applications such as the development of very specific biosensors, molecules such as carboxylic acid (COOH), poly m-aminobenzoic sulfonic acid (PABS), polyimide, and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) have been used to functionalize CNTs, as have amino acid derivatives, halogens, and compounds. Some types of functionalized CNTs are soluble in water and other highly polar, aqueous solvents. Properties of CNTs There are many useful and unique properties of CNTs. The list includes -High Electrical Conductivity -Very High Tensile Strength -Highly Flexible- can be bent considerably without damage -Very Elastic ~18% elongation to failure -High Thermal Conductivity -Low Thermal Expansion Coefficient -Good Field Emission of Electrons Highly Absorbant -High Aspect Ratio (length = ~1000 x diameter) -Electrical Conductivity There has been considerable practical interest in the conductivity of CNTs. CNTs with particular combinations of N and M, the structural parameters indicating how much the nanotube is twisted, can be highly conducting, and hence can be said to be metallic. Their conductivity has been shown to be a function of their chirality, the degree of twist as well as their diameter. CNTs can be either metallic or semi-conducting in their electrical behavior. Conductivity in MWNTs is quite complex. Some types of “armchair”-structured CNTs appear to conduct better than other metallic CNTs. Furthermore, interwall reactions within multi walled nanotubes have been found to redistribute the current over individual tubes non-uniformly. However, there is no change in current across different parts of metallic single-walled nanotubes. The behavior of the ropes of semi-conducting single walled nanotubes is different, in that the transport current changes abruptly at various positions on the CNTs. The conductivity and resistivity of ropes of single walled nanotubes has been measured by placing electrodes at different parts of the CNTs. The resistivity of the single walled nanotubes ropes was of the order of 10–4 ohm-cm at 27°C. This means that single walled nanotube ropes are the most conductive carbon fibers known. The current density that was possible to achieve was 10-7 A/cm2, however in theory the single walled nanotube ropes should be able to sustain much higher stable current densities, as high as 10-13 A/cm2. It has been reported that individual single walled nanotubes may contain defects. Fortuitously, these defects allow the single walled nanotubes to act as transistors. Likewise, joining CNTs together may form transistor-like devices. A nanotube with a natural junction (where a straight metallic section is joined to a chiral semiconducting section) behaves as a rectifying diode – that is, a half-transistor in a single molecule. It has also recently been reported that single walled nanotubes can route electrical signals at speeds up to 10 GHz when used as interconnects on semi-conducting devices. -Strength and Elasticity The carbon atoms of a single sheet of graphite form a planar honeycomb lattice, in which each atom is connected via a strong chemical bond to three neighboring atoms. Because of these strong bonds, the basal plane elastic modulus of graphite is one of the largest of any known material. For this reason, CNTs are expected to be the ultimate high-strength fibers. Single walled nanotubes are stiffer than steel, and are very resistant to damage from physical forces. Pressing on the tip of a nanotube will cause it to bend, but without damage to the tip. When the force is removed, the nanotube returns to its original state. This property makes CNTs very useful as probe tips for very high-resolution scanning probe microscopy. Quantifying these effects has been rather difficult, and an exact numerical value has not been agreed upon. Using atomic force microscopy, the unanchored ends of a freestanding nanotube can be pushed out of their equilibrium position, and the force required to push the nanotube can be measured. The current Young’s modulus value of single walled nanotubes is about 1 TeraPascal, but this value has been widely disputed, and a value as high as 1.8 Tpa has been reported. Other values significantly higher than that have also been reported. The differences probably arise through different experimental measurement techniques. Others have shown theoretically that the Young’s modulus depends on the size and chirality of the single walled nanotubes, ranging from 1.22 Tpa to 1.26 Tpa. They have calculated a value of 1.09 Tpa for a generic nanotube. However, when working with different multi walled nanotubes, others have noted that the modulus measurements of multi walled nanotubes using AFM techniques do not strongly depend on the diameter. Instead, they argue that the modulus of the multi walled nanotubes correlates to the amount of disorder in the nanotube walls. Not surprisingly, when multi walled nanotubes break, the outermost layers break first. -Thermal Conductivity and Expansion New research from the University of Pennsylvania indicates that CNTs may be the best heat-conducting material man has ever known. Ultra-small single walled nanotubes have even been shown to exhibit superconductivity below 20o K. Research suggests that these exotic strands, already heralded for their unparalleled strength and unique ability to adopt the electrical properties of either semiconductors or perfect metals, may someday also find applications as miniature heat conduits in a host of devices and materials. The strong in-plane graphitic carbon - carbon bonds make them exceptionally strong and stiff against axial strains. The almost zero in-plane thermal expansion but large inter-plane expansion of single walled nanotubes implies strong in-plane coupling and high flexibility against non-axial strains. Many applications of CNTs, such as in nanoscale molecular electronics, sensing and actuating devices, or as reinforcing additive fibers in functional composite materials, have been proposed. Reports of several recent experiments on the preparation and mechanical characterization of CNT-polymer composites have also appeared. These measurements suggest modest enhancements in strength characteristics of CNT-embedded matrixes as compared to bare polymer matrixes. Preliminary experiments and simulation studies on the thermal properties of CNTs show very high thermal conductivity. It is expected, therefore, that nanotube reinforcements in polymeric materials may also significantly improve the thermal and thermomechanical properties of the composites. -Field Emission Field emission results from the tunneling of electrons from a metal tip into vacuum, under application of a strong electric field. The small diameter and high aspect ratio of CNTs is very favorable for field emission. Even for moderate voltages, a strong electric field develops at the free end of supported CNTs because of their sharpness. This was observed by de Heer and co-workers at EPFL in 1995. He also immediately realized that these field emitters must be superior to conventional electron sources and might find their way into all kind of applications, most importantly flat-panel displays. It is remarkable that after only five years Samsung actually realized a very bright color display, which will be shortly commercialized using this technology. Studying the field emission properties of multi walled nanotubes, Bonard and co-workers at EPFL observed that together with electrons, light is emitted as well. This luminescence is induced by the electron field emission, since it is not detected without applied potential. This light emission occurs in the visible part of the spectrum, and can sometimes be seen with the naked eye. [B.Q. Wei, et al, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79 1172 (2001)]. -High Aspect Ratio CNTs represent a very small, high aspect ratio conductive additive for plastics of all types. Their high aspect ratio means that a lower loading of CNTs is needed compared to other conductive additives to achieve the same electrical conductivity. This low loading preserves more of the polymer resins’ toughness, especially at low temperatures, as well as maintaining other key performance properties of the matrix resin. CNTs have proven to be an excellent additive to impart electrical conductivity in plastics. Their high aspect ratio, about 1000:1 imparts electrical conductivity at lower loadings, compared to conventional additive materials such as carbon black, chopped carbon fiber, or stainless steel fiber. -Highly Absorbent The large surface area and high absorbency of CNTs make them ideal candidates for use in air, gas, and water filtration. A lot of research is being done in replacing activated charcoal with CNTs in certain ultra high purity applications. Applications The special nature of carbon combined with the molecular perfection of single-walled nanotubes to endow them with exceptional material properties, such as very high electrical and thermal conductivity, strength, stiffness, and toughness. No other element in the periodic table bonds to itself in an extended network with the strength of the carbon-carbon bond. The delocalized pi-electron donated by each atom is free to move about the entire structure, rather than remain with its donor atom, giving rise to the first known molecule with metallic-type electrical conductivity. Furthermore, the high-frequency carbon-carbon bonds vibrations provide an intrinsic thermal conductivity higher than even diamond. In most conventional materials, however, the actual observed material properties - strength, electrical conductivity, etc. - are degraded very substantially by the occurrence of defects in their structure. For example, high-strength steel typically fails at only about 1% of its theoretical breaking strength. CNTs, however, achieve values very close to their theoretical limits because of their molecular perfection of structure. This aspect is part of the unique story of CNTs. CNTs are an example of true nanotechnology: they are under 100 nanometers in diameter, but are molecules that can be manipulated chemically and physically in very useful ways. They open an incredible range of applications in materials science, electronics, chemical processing, energy management, and many other fields. CNTs have extraordinary electrical conductivity, heat conductivity, and mechanical properties. They are probably the best electron field-emitter possible. They are polymers of pure carbon and can be reacted and manipulated using the well-known and the tremendously rich chemistry of carbon. This provides opportunity to modify their structure, and to optimize their solubility and dispersion. Very significantly, CNTs are molecularly perfect, which means that they are normally free of property-degrading flaws in the nanotube structure. Their material properties can therefore approach closely the very high levels intrinsic to them. These extraordinary characteristics give CNTs potential in numerous applications. -Field Emission CNTs are the best known field emitters of any material. This is understandable, given their high electrical conductivity, and the incredible sharpness of their tip. The smaller the tip’s radius of curvature, the more concentrated the electric field will be, leading to increased field emission. The sharpness of the tip also means that they emit at especially low voltage, an important fact for building low-power electrical devices that utilize this feature. CNTs can carry an astonishingly high current density. Furthermore, the current is extremely stable. An immediate application of this behavior receiving considerable interest is in field-emission flat-panel displays. Instead of a single electron gun, as in a traditional cathode ray tube display, in CNT-based displays there is a separate nanotube electron gun for each individual pixel in the display. Their high current density, low turn-on and operating voltages, and steady, long-lived behavior make CNTs very attractive field emitters in this application. Other applications utilizing the field-emission characteristics of CNTs include general types of low-voltage cold-cathode lighting sources, lightning arrestors, and electron microscope sources. -Conductive or Reinforced Plastics Much of the history of plastics over the last half-century has involved their use as a replacement for metals. For structural applications, plastics have made tremendous headway, but not where electrical conductivity is required, because plastics are very good electrical insulators. This deficiency is overcome by loading plastics up with conductive fillers, such as carbon black and larger graphite fibers. The loading required to provide the necessary conductivity using conventional fillers is typically high, however, resulting in heavy parts, and more importantly, plastic parts whose structural properties are highly degraded. It is well-established that the higher the aspect ratio of the filler particles, the lower the loading required to achieve a given level of conductivity. CNTs are ideal in this sense, since they have the highest aspect ratio of any carbon fiber. In addition, their natural tendency to form ropes provides inherently very long conductive pathways even at ultra-low loadings. Applications that exploit this behavior of CNTs include EMI/RFI shielding composites; coatings for enclosures, gaskets, and other uses such as electrostatic dissipation; antistatic materials, transparent conductive coatings; and radar-absorbing materials for stealth appplications. A lot of automotive plastics companies are using CNTs as well. CNTs have been added into the side mirror plastics on automobiles in the US since the late 1990s. I have seen forecasts predicting that GM alone will consume over 500 tons of CNT masterbatches in 2006 for using in all areas of automotive plastics. Masterbatches normally contain 20 wt% cnts which are already very well dispersed. Manufacturers then need to perform a “let down” or dilution procedure prior to using the masterbatch in production. -Energy Storage CNTs have the intrinsic characteristics desired in material used as electrodes in batteries and capacitors, two technologies of rapidly increasing importance. CNTs have a tremendously high surface area, good electrical conductivity, and very importantly, their linear geometry makes their surface highly accessible to the electrolyte. Research has shown that CNTs have the highest reversible capacity of any carbon material for use in lithium ion batteries. [B. Gao, Chem. Phys. Lett. 327, 69 (2000)]. In addition, CNTs are outstanding materials for supercapacitor electrodes [R.Z. Ma, et al., Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences 43 178 (2000)] and are now being marketed for this application. CNTs also have applications in a variety of fuel cell components. They have a number of properties, including high surface area and thermal conductivity, which make them useful as electrode catalyst supports in PEM fuel cells. Because of their high electrical conductivity, they may also be used in gas diffusion layers, as well as current collectors. CNTs' high strength and toughness-to-weight characteristics may also prove valuable as part of composite components in fuel cells that are deployed in transport applications, where durability is extremely important. -Conductive Adhesives and Connectors The same properties that make CNTs attractive as conductive fillers for use in electromagnetic shielding, ESD materials, etc., make them attractive for electronics packaging and interconnection applications, such as adhesives, potting compounds, coaxial cables, and other types of connectors. -Molecular Electronics The idea of building electronic circuits out of the essential building blocks of materials - molecules - has seen a revival the past few years, and is a key component of nanotechnology. In any electronic circuit, but particularly as dimensions shrink to the nanoscale, the interconnections between switches and other active devices become increasingly important. Their geometry, electrical conductivity, and ability to be precisely derived, make CNTs the ideal candidates for the connections in molecular electronics. In addition, they have been demonstrated as switches themselves. There are already companies such as Nantero from Woburn, MA that are already making CNT based non-volitle random access memory for PC’s. A lot of research is being done to design CNT based transistors as well. -Thermal Materials The record-setting anisotropic thermal conductivity of CNTs is enabling many applications where heat needs to move from one place to another. Such an application is found in electronics, particularly heat sinks for chips used in advanced computing, where uncooled chips now routinely reach over 100oC. The technology for creating aligned structures and ribbons of CNTs [D.Walters, et al., Chem. Phys. Lett. 338, 14 (2001)] is a step toward realizing incredibly efficient heat conduits. In addition, composites with CNTs have been shown to dramatically increase their bulk thermal conductivity, even at very small loadings. -Structural Composites The superior properties of CNTs are not limited to electrical and thermal conductivities, but also include mechanical properties, such as stiffness, toughness, and strength. These properties lead to a wealth of applications exploiting them, including advanced composites requiring high values of one or more of these properties. -Fibers and Fabrics Fibers spun of pure CNTs have recently been demonstrated [R.H. Baughman, Science 290, 1310 (2000)] and are undergoing rapid development, along with CNT composite fibers. Such super-strong fibers will have many applications including body and vehicle armor, transmission line cables, woven fabrics and textiles. -Catalyst Supports CNTs intrinsically have an enormously high surface area; in fact, for single walled nanotubes every atom is not just on one surface - each atom is on two surfaces, the inside and outside of the nanotube! Combined with the ability to attach essentially any chemical species to their sidewalls this provides an opportunity for unique catalyst supports. Their electrical conductivity may also be exploited in the search for new catalysts and catalytic behavior. -CNT Ceramics A ceramic material reinforced with carbon nanotubes has been made by materials scientists at UC Davis. The new material is far tougher than conventional ceramics, conducts electricity and can both conduct heat and act as a thermal barrier, depending on the orientation of the nanotubes. Ceramic materials are very hard and resistant to heat and chemical attack, making them useful for applications such as coating turbine blades, but they are also very brittle. The researchers mixed powdered alumina (aluminum oxide) with 5 to 10 percent carbon nanotubes and a further 5 percent finely milled niobium. The researchers treated the mixture with an electrical pulse in a process called spark-plasma sintering. This process consolidates ceramic powders more quickly and at lower temperatures than conventional processes. The new material has up to five times the fracture toughness -- resistance to cracking under stress -- of conventional alumina. The material shows electrical conductivity seven times that of previous ceramics made with nanotubes. It also has interesting thermal properties, conducting heat in one direction, along the alignment of the nanotubes, but reflecting heat at right angles to the nanotubes, making it an attractive material for thermal barrier coatings -Biomedical Applications The exploration of CNTs in biomedical applications is just underway, but has significant potential. Since a large part of the human body consists of carbon, it is generally though of as a very biocompatible material. Cells have been shown to grow on CNTs, so they appear to have no toxic effect. The cells also do not adhere to the CNTs, potentially giving rise to applications such as coatings for prosthetics and surgical implants. The ability to functionalize the sidewalls of CNTs also leads to biomedical applications such as vascular stents, and neuron growth and regeneration. It has also been shown that a single strand of DNA can be bonded to a nanotube, which can then be successfully inserted into a cell; this has potential applications in gene therapy. -Air, Water, and Gas Filtration Many researchers and corporations have already developed CNT based air and water filtration devices. It has been reported that these filters can not only block the smallest particles but also kill most bacteria. This is another area where CNTs have already been commercialized and products are on the market now. Someday CNTs may be used to filter other liquids such as fuels and lubricants as well. A lot of research is being done in the development of CNT based air and gas filtration. Filtration has been shown to be another area where it is cost effective to use CNTs already. The research I’ve seen suggests that 1 gram of MWNTs can be dispersed onto 1 sq ft of filter media. Manufacturers can get their cost down to 35 cents per gram of purified MWNTs when purchasing ton quantities. -Other Applications There is a wealth of other potential applications for CNTs, such as solar collection; nanoporous filters; and coatings of all sorts. There are almost certainly many unanticipated applications for this remarkable material that will come to light in the years ahead, and which may prove to be the most important and valuable ones of all. Many researchers are looking into conductive and or waterproof paper made with CNTs. CNTs have also been shown to absorb Infrared light and may have applications in the I/R Optics Industry. Some commercial products on the market today utilizing CNTs include stain resistant textiles, CNT reinforced tennis rackets and baseball bats. Companies like Kraft foods are heavily funding cnt based plastic packaging. Food will stay fresh longer if the packaging is less permeable to atmosphere. Coors Brewing company has developed new plastic beer bottles that stay cold for longer periods of time. Samsung already has CNT based flat panel displays on the market. A lot of companies are looking forward to being able to produce transparent conductive coatings and phase out ITO coatings. Samsung uses align SWNTs in the transparent conductive layer of their display manufacturing process. In closing, CNTs have many unique and desirable properties. Although many applications may take significant investments of time and money to develop to reach commercial viability, there are plenty of applications today in which CNTs add significant benefits to existing products with relatively low implementation costs. Most of these applications are in the polymer, composite materials, batteries, paints, plastics, ceramics, and textiles industries. ……………………………………………………………………………………………… References: 1. “Nanotechnology: Basic Science and Emerging Technologies”, M. Wilson et al, Chapman and Hall (2002) ISBN 1-58488-339-1 2. “Carbon Nanotubes and Related Structures : New Materials for the Twenty-first Century”, P. F. Harris, Cambridge University Press (1999) ISBN 0-521-55446-2 3. “Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes”, R. Saito et al, Imperial College Press (1998) ISBN 1-86094-093-5 4. Wondrous World of Carbon Nanotubes (Internet Reference), M. J. M. Daenen et al. www.students.chem.tue.nl/ifp03/ 5. Carbon Nanotube Applications (Internet Reference) www.azonano.com/details.asp?ArticleID=980 6. “The Science of Fullerenes and Carbon Nanotubes : Their Properties and Applications”, M. S. Dresselhaus et al, Academic Press (1996) ISBN 0-12221-820-5 7. “Carbon Nanotubes – Preparation and Properties”, T. W. Ebbesen ed., CRC Press (1996) ISBN 0- 84939-602-6 8. “Carbon Nanotubes: Synthesis, Structure, Properties, and Applications”, M. S. Dresselhaus et al eds., Springer-Verlag (2000) ISBN 3-54041-086-4 9. “Carbon Nanotubes”, T. W. Ebbesen, Ann. Rev. Mater. Sci. 24, 235 (1994); Physics Today 381, 678 (1996) 10. “Fullerene Nanotubes: C1,000,000 and Beyond”, B. I Yakobson and R. E. Smalley, American Scientist 84(4), 324 (1997) 11. “Nanotubes from Carbon”, P. M. Ajayan, Chem. Rev. 99, 1787 (1999) 12. “Carbon Nanotubes : Basic Concepts and Physical Properties”, S. Reich et al, Wiley-VCH (2004) ISBN 3-52740-386-8 13. “Physical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes” , R. Saito, World Scientific Publishing (1998) ISBN 1- 86094-223-7 14. “Carbon Nanotubes: Science and Applications”, M. Meyyappan ed., CRC Press (2004) ISBN 0-84932- 111-5 15. The Nanotube Site (Internet reference), D. Tomanek, www.pa.msu.edu/cmp/csc/nanotube.html 16. "Single-shell Carbon Nanotubes of 1-nm Diameter", S. Iijima and T. Ichihashi, Nature 363 603 (1993) 17. "Large-scale Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes", T. W. Ebbesen and P. M. Ajayan, Nature 358 220 (1992) 18. Carbon Nanotubes. Noppi Widjaja. Department of Physics, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996. Abstract. The field of research in carbon Nanotubes. http://dagotto.phys.utk.edu/condensed/noppi.carbon.pdf

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