Nanotechnology : Knowledge page

http://nano-ac.ir

jazirehpour — Thu, 17 Apr 2008 21:29:17 +0100

نانو ایران
نانوتکنولولوژی ایران
کنفرانس
ستاد نانو

http://nano-ac.ir

jazirehpour — Wed, 16 Apr 2008 12:28:43 +0100

http://nano-ac.ir
Iranian nanotechnology website by M.Jazirehpour

A World Dominated By Defense Organisms and Weapons: Military Applications of Nanotechnology

Admin — Thu, 21 Feb 2008 12:08:21 +0000

A World Dominated By Defense Organisms and Weapons: Military Applications of Nanotechnology

Gedanken auf dem Thema: Sicherheit und Nanotechnologie

Admin — Sat, 09 Feb 2008 16:31:13 +0000

Gedanken auf dem Thema: Sicherheit und Nanotechnologie

Die Sozialen Implikationen der Nanotechnologie

Admin — Sat, 09 Feb 2008 16:28:43 +0000

Die Sozialen Implikationen der Nanotechnologie

Nanotechnologie - Brennstoffzellen

Admin — Sat, 09 Feb 2008 16:26:10 +0000

Nanotechnologie - Brennstoffzellen

Nanotechnologie - Ein vereinfachter Blick

Admin — Sat, 09 Feb 2008 16:24:29 +0000

Nanotechnologie - Ein vereinfachter Blick

Nanotechnologie und Tägliches Leben

Admin — Sat, 09 Feb 2008 16:23:34 +0000

Nanotechnologie und Tägliches Leben

Nanoscience: Vertraue ich ihm?

Admin — Sat, 09 Feb 2008 16:21:19 +0000

Nanoscience: Vertraue ich ihm?

Partikeln von Nano Größe Dürfen Schaden an Ihnen Herz Verursachen

Admin — Sat, 09 Feb 2008 16:20:01 +0000

Partikeln von Nano Größe Dürfen Schaden an Ihnen Herz Verursachen

Mythen und Realitäten von Nano Zukunft

Admin — Sat, 09 Feb 2008 16:18:56 +0000

Mythen und Realitäten von Nano Zukunft

Seitdem hat John Dalton die Welt von der Existenz von Atome in 1803 überzeugt, haben Wissenschaftler Dinge mit ihnen machen wollen.

Wie Weich Sind Die Zellen? - Wissenschaftler Benutzen ein Atomares Kraftmikroskop

Admin — Sat, 09 Feb 2008 16:17:02 +0000

Wie Weich Sind Die Zellen? - Wissenschaftler Benutzen ein Atomares Kraftmikroskop

new Articles - Allemagne new

Admin — Sat, 09 Feb 2008 16:11:26 +0000

Articles - Allemagne

Könnte Nanotechnologie Erdgas-Industrie Revolutionieren?

Articles Espanol

Admin — Sat, 09 Feb 2008 16:08:32 +0000

Article Espanol

Adriano Cavalcanti : Medical Nanorobotics for Diabetes

Benj — Wed, 31 Jan 2007 14:21:22 +0000

By Benjamin Melki, NanoVIP In February, Adriano Cavalcanti and his colleagues are publishing for the first time the detailed work describing a medical nanorobot hardware architecture for diabetes (*). This new paper, published in the journal Recent Patents on Nanotechnology - Bentham Science, addresses the concept behind the use of nanorobots as pervasive monitoring devices to help in the therapy of patients with diabetes. NanoVIP decided to interview Adriano Cavalcanti about his current and upcoming works for the gradual development and future use of nanorobots for diabetes. NanoVIP: How nanorobots may help patients with diabetes? Cavalcanti: The nanorobots may use embedded nanobiosensors to monitor blood glucose levels, and transmit every two hours this information through RF signals for mobile phones carried with the patient. If the glucose is eventually not inside the desired levels, the nanorobots activate a pre-programmed tune in the cellular phone, which may alert the patient to take any necessary action regarding the diabetes control with prescribed medicaments. NanoVIP: What is the advantage on nanorobots for diabetes? Cavalcanti: Nowadays patients with diabetes must take small blood samples many times a day to control their glucose levels. Such procedures are uncomfortable and extremely inconvenient. To solve this problem, the level of sugar in the body can be observed via constant glucose monitoring using medical nanorobotics. This important data may help doctors and specialists to supervise and improve the patient medication and diary diet. This process using nanorobots may be more convenient and safe for making feasible an automatic system for data collection and patient monitoring. It may also avoid eventually infections due the daily small cuts to collect blood samples, possibly loss of data, and even avoid patients in a busy week to forget doing some of their glucose sampling. NanoVIP: How do you expect to achieve nanorobots manufacturing? Cavalcanti: Recent developments on nanobioelectronics described through our work show how to integrate system devices and cellular phones to achieve a better control of glucose levels for patients with diabetes. Some well established and new techniques may be used jointly for such aim. Nanoelectronics in terms of VLSI circuits have demonstrated yet feasible devices with nanometer scales. These same devices can serve in integrating nanorobots with embedded sensors and actuators to build molecular machines, through actual manufacturing techniques and currently in course innovative nanotechnology methodologies. New techniques have been progressing most recently in 3D lithography, new materials like nanotubes, nanocrystal for sensors, antennas, and actuators. Therefore, they are together accelerating even more the downscaling of electronics manufacturing possibilities. Genomics investigation is putting also closer biologists, doctors, and engineers, through a better interdisciplinary comprehension about protein based mechanics for the human body metabolism processes. This same kind of information has become crucial and insightful for the investigation and development of applied transducers as nanodevices for biomedical problems. NanoVIP: What is new about nanorobots in this work? Cavalcanti: This work shows for the first time a system and hardware architecture with a wireless communication technique to address the interface and control upload, data transmission, and possibly teleoperation of nanorobots for diabetes. The detailed description on hardware architecture may support therefore advances towards manufacturing development of nanorobots. The presented approach may enable practical use of nanorobots for continuously monitoring patients in a pervasive manner. This can be quite interesting for patients who suffer from diabetes, but it can be equally useful for elderly people who needs constant monitoring, and also for early diagnosis of complex diseases. Another important and interesting aspect in our current development is the fact that, the similar architecture presented in terms of hardware and system integration, can be also used for a broad range of applications in medicine. NanoVIP: Beyond diabetes, what kinds of other biomedical applications can benefit from this architecture? Cavalcanti: For example, you may have the same concept being used as a basis for nanorobots in early diagnosis of cancer. Cancer can be successfully treated with current stages of medical technologies and therapy tools. However, a decisive factor to determine the chances for a patient with cancer to survive is: how earlier it was diagnosed; what means, if possible, a cancer should be detected at least before the metastasis has began. In fact, you have a similar problem about cerebral aneurysm. A critical issue on cerebral aneurysm is to detect and locate the vessel dilation, if possible before a subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs. Nowadays about 50% of patients with cerebral aneurysm die, because it is detected only after a brain hemorrhage happened. Considering the properties of nanorobots to navigate as bloodborne devices, they can help on such extremely important process of early diagnosis. Therefore, such integrated architecture may support the development of molecular machines to advance new therapies in medicine. * Adriano Cavalcanti, Bijan Shirinzadeh, Robert A. Freitas Jr., Luiz C. Kretly, “Medical Nanorobot Architecture Based on Nanobioelectronics”, Recent Patents on Nanotechnology, Bentham Science, Vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1-10, February 2007. http://www.bentham.org/nanotec/contabs/nanotec1-1.htm -- Adriano Cavalcanti is the CEO and Research Scientist at CAN Center for Automation in Nanobiotech. For more information, visit www.nanorobotdesign.com or www.canbiotechnems.com .

Dr. Drexler 's desktop size nanofactory : movie

Benj — Sun, 31 Dec 2006 14:13:25 +0000

Nanovip.com wants to thank John Burch for the authorization to host the nanofactory movie on our servers.

Lizard Fire Studios worked with Dr. Eric Drexler of Nanorex to illustrate the operation of a desktop-scale nanofactory, and Version 1.1 is now available.

Why develop a nanofactory? Do you see value in a medical cure for cancer and AIDS, or do you know someone with a spinal injury and reduced quality of life? A machine like this could produce medical instruments and therapeutic devices able to make these problems a thing of the past.

DOWNLOAD THE MOVIE

About Lizard Fire Studios:

Lizard Fire Studios provides animation services to the nanotechnology community.
Our designer/animator has a MSEE with eighteen years of electronic design experience.
This allows us to handle most technical subjects.
http://www.lizardfire.com/

About Eric Drexler:
K. Eric Drexler is a researcher, author, and policy advocate focused on emerging technologies and their consequences for the future. He pioneered studies of productive nanosystems and their products (the still-theoretical field originally termed “nanotechnology”). He has authored numerous technical publications on this topic as well as books including Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology, which first introduced the basic concepts to a general audience, and Nanosystems: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation, an applied-physics analysis of advanced productive nanosystems.

He is presently Chief Technical Advisor of Nanorex, a company developing software for the design and simulation of molecular machine systems. In 1991 he received a doctoral degree in the field of molecular nanotechnology from MIT, the first degree of its kind.
http://www.e-drexler.com/

Science, Faith and New Technologies : World council of churches

Benj — Fri, 20 Oct 2006 15:58:21 +0100

Here is a World Council of Churches document, developed in association with the World Association for Christian Communication and the Bossey Ecumenical Institute, republished on Nanovip.com with the written authorization of the WCC. The report was commented on many nanotechnology blogs, and since ethics, faith and (nano)technology are often debated, we thought about sharing this document with our visitors. Foreword: This publication presents the challenges posed by newly emerging technologies to people of faith. It is a discussion starter and wants to encourage urgently needed study and reflection by churches, theological faculties and ecumenical bodies in close cooperation with each other. The new technologies represent a new stage of development, which requires a fresh approach and change of perspective. The rapid advance of information technologies linked to the equally revolutionary progress of micro-electronics has made it possible to develop strong links between the smallest operational units of newly emerging technologies: bits, atoms, neurons and genes (BANG). With reference to nanotechnology (atoms), biotechnology (genes), information technology (bits) and neuroscience (neurons), NBIC is often used as an acronym to identify the symbiotic relationship between these new technologies. The term “convergent technologies” that is also often used describes the leap towards a more basic, broader and, therefore, much more powerful platform combining these different scientific approaches and their technological applications. This leap can be compared to the first industrial revolution that reshaped life in society in a radical way. Previously, ecumenical social thought and action has addressed the challenges of science and technology in a framework of middle axioms, i.e. a responsible society with an emphasis on situations of rapid social change or, integrating environmental dimensions, a just, participatory and sustainable society. This work culminated in the famous 1979 MIT Conference on Faith, Science and the Future, which focused on a framework that would allow scientists to look at their work from an ethical perspective. There was hope that the ethically informed scientist would apply such insights and adjust his (there was little sensitivity to gender issues) own approach and practice accordingly. The context, however, has changed. While there are remarkable scientists who have shown an outstanding sense of responsibility and solidarity with the poor and marginalized, a majority of them have accepted a more and more corporate dominated and market-driven approach to scientific research and its technological applications. Much of the funding for basic research depends today on government funding for military research or on a private sector that takes control of the results through patenting and copyright regimes. New technologies need to be assessed in terms of social (marginalization), cultural (perspectives of life), economic (monopolies, profits), political (dominance and power), and military (new weapons of mass destruction) impact and consequences. It is important not only to notice, but to understand, the shift away from science and technology as instruments and tools for human development towards the much more sophisticated notion of its power and capacity to transform and to re-design the basic elements of matter – and thus the building blocks – of the community of life as we know it. The newly emerging technology are paving the way for the commodification of life at a much more basic level. The debate on patent laws and corporate power show this clearly. But the process has even deeper consequences for the understanding of the earth community and the broader web of life as well as the place and role of human beings for life in community and creation. Looking at these developments from the perspective of those victimized in this process, the focus on the poor and marginalized in the human community has to be extended to those marginalized and excluded from the wider community of life. New and emerging technologies not only impact on the social fabric of life in community, but on the whole set of relationships in and between all life forms. Any viable solution will depend not only on human choice and action. Other life forms too are affected and react in often unpredictable ways, exposing the human species to new risks. Required is the recognition of the common destiny and purpose of all belonging to the wider earth community. The task today is to learn how to live together on planet earth not only as human beings, but for all creatures of God. This task requires a shift away from an emphasis on security based on the production of the tools to dominate and control nature towards an understanding of the interdependence, mutual vulnerability and solidarity of all life. Such a shift implies a major change in the prevailing development paradigm and the economic, political and military dynamics driving it. The underlying understanding of security and stability based on products and protection continues to marginalize and destroy an understanding of cultures and peoples’ traditions of prudence based on the strength and solidarity of community. While advocating such a paradigm shift, it should be clear to everybody that a major re-orientation of the dominant political economy and culture is not a simple undertaking, but requires an enormous effort of resistance, struggle for alternatives, un-learning of threatening attitudes, habits, values and worldviews, and learning what it means to live in conviviality with all life on earth as our common home. In the light of the theme of the 9th General Assembly of the WCC in 2006 in Porto Alegre/Brazil “God, in your grace, transform the world”, such a paradigm shift would resonate with the theological conviction that God is at the origin of all life. The Holy Trinity offers itself as a key to understanding the relational character of all life carrying the signature of divine love. This publication does not pretend to offer a comprehensive exploration of the issues at stake or to preempt necessary study and discussion by churches and their appropriate bodies. It rather hopes to encourage ethical and theological reflections informed, in particular, by the experience and perspective of persons with disabilities. This first volume concentrates more specifically on nanotechnology. It is followed by a second volume with a focus on biotechnology and genetic engineering. Both of the volumes grew out of close co-operation between the World Council of Churches (WCC), the World Association for Christian Communication (WACC) and the Bossey Ecumenical Institute. The three partners acknowledge with great appreciation the expert input to this first volume by the ETC-Group, the Canada based Action Group on Erosion, Technology and Concentration. They are also grateful to the ETC-Group for permission to use some of their texts, illustrations and tables for this publication. As the editors, we want to express our sincere gratitude to Eunice Kamaara, Kathy-Joe Wetter, Hope Shand, Kim Yong-Bock, and Gregor Wolbring who contributed to the text of this volume. Philip Lee (WACC), Martin Robra (WCC) Geneva, December 2005 To read the rest, of the document, please download the attached file just below.

¿Qué es la Nanotecnología? (Spanish)

Benj — Wed, 11 Oct 2006 20:14:33 +0100

¿Qué es la Nanotecnología? Presentación de Nanovip.com Se autoriza la reproducción de esta presentación con la condición de que aparezca un enlace a la fuente del documento: http://www.nanovip.com . Introducción El objetivo de este documento es explicar qué es exactamente la Nanotecnología y presentar de manera concisa los conceptos fundamentales de esta materia para que las personas que desconozcan este campo tengan una idea general de las perspectivas y las cuestiones que estarán presentes por sí mismas en los próximos años. Hemos de advertir al lector que incluso la definición de "Nanotecnología" es polémica y es posible que alguien quiera calificar nuestra definición. Por esta razón, hemos basado nuestra definición en los conceptos que sostienen los profesionales del campo en la actualidad. Definición Nanotecnología: es el desarrollo y la aplicación práctica de estructuras y sistemas en una escala nanométrica (entre 1 y 100 nanómetros). No hay que confundirla con el término "Nanociencia", que no implica una aplicación práctica pero sí el estudio científico de las propiedades del mundo nanométrico. "Nano" es un prefijo griego que significa "mil millones" (una mil millonésima parte de un metro es la unidad de medida que se usa en el ámbito de la Nanotecnología). Un átomo es más pequeño que un nanómetro, pero una molécula puede ser mayor. Una dimensión de 100 nanómetros es importante la Nanotecnología porque bajo este límite se pueden observar nuevas propiedades en la materia, principalmente debido a las leyes de la Física Cuántica. Hay dos tipos de Nanotecnología A) Top-down: Reducción de tamaño. Literalmente desde arriba (mayor) hasta abajo (menor). Los mecanismos y las estructuras se miniaturizan a escala nanométrica. Este tipo de Nanotecnología ha sido el más frecuente hasta la fecha, más concretamente en el ámbito de la electrónica donde predomina la miniaturización. B) Bottom-Up: Auto ensamblado. Literalmente desde abajo (menor) hasta arriba (mayor). Se comienza con una estructura nanométrica como una molécula y mediante un proceso de montaje o auto ensamblado, se crea un mecanismo mayor que el mecanismo con el que comenzamos. Este enfoque, que algunos consideran como el único y "verdadero" enfoque nanotecnológico, ha de permitir que la materia pueda controlarse de manera extremadamente precisa. De esta manera podremos liberarnos de las limitaciones de la miniaturización, muy presentes en el campo de la electrónica. El último paso para la Nanotecnología de auto montaje de dentro hacia fuera se denomina "Nanotecnología molecular" o "fabricación molecular", y ha sido desarrollada por el investigador K. Eric Drexler. Se prevé que las fábricas moleculares reales sean capaces de crear cualquier material mediante procesos de montaje exponencial de átomos y moléculas, controlados con precisión. Cuando alguien se da cuenta de que la totalidad de nuestro entorno perceptivo está construida mediante un limitado alfabeto de diferentes constituyentes (átomos) y que este alfabeto da lugar a creaciones tan diversas como el agua, los diamantes o los huesos, es fácil imaginar el potencial casi ilimitado que ofrece el montaje molecular. Algunos partidarios de una visión más conservadora de la Nanotecnología ponen en duda la viabilidad de la fabricación molecular y de este modo tienen una visión contradictoria a largo plazo con respecto a la teoría de Eric Drexler, el defensor más conocido de la teoría de la fabricación molecular. Es importante tener en cuenta de alguna manera esta nota discordante, porque la mayoría de los investigadores involucrados piensan que la madurez de la Nanotecnología es una evolución positiva y que la Nanotecnología mejorará de manera significativa la calidad de la vida en el planeta (y en el espacio) de la población mundial. Perspectivas Hay que saber algo fundamental acerca de la Nanotecnología: la materia se manipula hasta llegar hasta su elemento más básico, el átomo. La Nanotecnología es un avance lógico, inevitable en el transcurso del progreso humano. Más que un mero progreso en el limitado campo de la tecnología, representa el proceso de nacimiento de una nueva "era" en la que usamos todas las posibilidades de la Nanotecnología. Son múltiples las áreas en las que la Nanotecnología tiene aplicaciones potenciales: desde potentes filtros solares que bloquean los rayos ultravioleta hasta nanorobots diseñados para realizar reparaciones celulares. A continuación se enumera una lista con algunos ejemplos de los principales campos que se verán afectados por los avances de la Nanotecnología: Materiales: nuevos materiales, más duros, más duraderos y resistentes, más ligeros y más baratos. Electrónica: los componentes electrónicos serán cada vez más y más pequeños, lo que facilitará el diseño de ordenadores mucho más potentes. Energía: se prevé un gran aumento de las posibilidades de generación de energía solar, por ejemplo. Salud y Nanobiotecnología: hay grandes expectativas en las áreas de prevención, diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades. Por ejemplo, podrán colocarse sondas nanoscópicas en un lugar para medir nuestro estado de salud las veinticuatro horas del día, se desarrollarán nuevas herramientas para luchar contra las enfermedades hereditarias mediante el análisis genético y se podrán crear indicadores que detecten y destruyan, una a una, células cancerígenas. Estas son algunas de las posibles aplicaciones. Los avances en estos campos tendrán repercusión en una amplia gama de industrias como la industria de los cosméticos, la industria farmacéutica, la industria de los electrodomésticos, la industria higiénica, el sector de la construcción, el sector de las comunicaciones, la industria de seguridad y defensa y la industria de la exploración espacial. Nuestro entorno también se beneficiará, en tanto que la producción de energía será más económica y limpia y se utilizarán materiales más ecológicos. En breve, muchas áreas de nuestra vida diaria se verán afectadas de una manera u otra por el avance de la Nanotecnología. La Nanotecnología nos permitirá hacerlo todo mejor y con menos esfuerzo. Agenda En la actualidad, al comienzo del tercer milenio, los productos nanotecnológicos ya están disponibles en el mercado. Así, es posible comprar raquetas de tenis más ligeras y más resistentes compuestas de nanotubos de carbón o cosméticos que contienen nanopartículas que facilitan la absorción. Pero aún estamos lejos de la época de la Nanotecnología, cuando ésta tenga efecto en nuestra vida diaria. ¿Cuándo se producirá esa revolución? ¿Cuándo nos beneficiaremos de manera substancial de los avances en la investigación y en el desarrollo de la Nanotecnología? Los cálculos varían. Se calcula que a partir del 2010 y hasta el 2040 se producirá un desarrollo progresivo del enfoque de “bottom-up” hasta que culmine en la fabricación molecular, de manera que podamos comprobar si esta teoría se puede poner en práctica sin grandes obstáculos. Intereses, responsabilidades Los intereses involucrados en el desarrollo de Nanotecnología son continentales: América, Europa y Asia están preparando campañas de desarrollo en curso que no se concluirán a corto plazo. Se están realizando grandes inversiones para desarrollar la Nanotecnología en todo el mundo. Si por razones éticas extremistas o a causa de la prudencia antiapocalíptica, se intenta ahogar el avance de esta gran revolución post-industrial que actualmente se está desarrollando, sería un grave error estratégico porque ahora más que nunca la competencia mundial seguirá creciendo y los nuevos súper poderes de la Nanotecnología van a aparecer, sobre todo en Asia. Por ello, si hay que incentivar el desarrollo de la Nanotecnología, los esfuerzos han de realizarse en la dirección adecuada: han de establecerse garantías, porque al igual que con todos los grandes avances tecnológicos, las nuevas posibilidades contienen incógnitas y riesgos que debemos conocer, como una nueva carrera armamentística, basada en armas más pequeñas y más mortíferas. Compañías de Nanotecnología en España -------------------- Si después de haber leído esta corta presentación, desea saber más sobre la Nanotecnología y desea tener acceso a información práctica acerca de este tema, a continuación se incluye una lista de sitios web especializados, cada uno de ellos líder en su campo. Instituto Foresight Es una organización que tiene como objetivo el fomento de las tecnologías incipientes, en particular la Nanotecnología. Aquí encontrará documentación completa sobre esta materia. Nanovip.com Este recurso es el más completo directorio de referencia de compañías internacionales de Nanotecnología, ordenadas por industria y por país. Para añadir su nano-empresa a esta página, haga clic aquí. Nanotech-now Una página que incluye noticias diarias e información del mundo de la Nanotecnología. CRN Esta página informativa trata los intereses y los desafíos que la Nanotecnología implica, en particular la fabricación molecular. Howard Lovy blog Howard Lovy, un comentarista de web-log (blog) independiente, presenta en su página interesantes primicias y anécdotas del mundo de la Nanotecnología.

Qu'est-ce que la nanotechnologie ? (French)

Benj — Wed, 11 Oct 2006 20:08:05 +0100

Qu’est-ce que la Nanotechnologie ? Présentation par Nanovip.com Reproduction autorisée, à condition de citer et faire un lien vers la source : http://www.nanovip.com . Introduction Cette page a pour but d’expliquer ce que sont les Nanotechnologies et de présenter succinctement les principales notions essentielles du sujet, afin que le lecteur novice puisse se faire une idée des perspectives et enjeux qui ne manqueront pas de se présenter au cours des prochaines années. Nous tenons à avertir le lecteur que la définition même de " Nanotechnologie " est controversée, et que certains seront tentés de nuancer notre définition. Nous avons cependant établi notre définition sur les notions communément admises par les professionnels du milieu. Définition Nanotechnologie : Le développement, l’exploitation pratique de structures et de dispositifs à l’échelle nanométrique (entre 1 et 100 nanomètres). -A ne pas confondre avec le mot " Nanoscience ", qui ne désigne pas une application pratique mais l’étude scientifique des propriétés du monde nanométrique. -" Nano " est un préfixe grec qui signifie un " milliardième " (de mètre dans les cas des nanotechnologies). Un atome est plus petit qu’un nanomètre, alors qu’une molécule peut dépasser cette mesure. -La dimension de 100 nanomètres est importante en Nanotechnologie, car sous cette limite, on peut observer de nouveaux comportements de la matière, notamment à cause des lois de la physique quantique. 2 types de Nanotechnologies A) Top-down : De haut en bas. On va miniaturiser des dispositifs, des structures jusqu'à l’échelle nanométrique. C’est plutôt de cette façon que les technologies se sont débrouillées jusqu'à aujourd’hui, en particulier dans le domaine de l’électronique où la miniaturisation est prépondérante. B) Bottom-up : De bas en Haut. On va partir d’une structure nanométrique comme une molécule, pour obtenir le dispositif voulu, plus grand que la structure initiale, par assemblage ou auto-assemblage. Cette approche, considérée par certains comme la " seule et vraie " nanotechnologie, devrait permettre un contrôle extrêmement précis de la matière. C’est de cette façon que l’on va s’affranchir des limitations de la miniaturisation, notamment dans le domaine de l’électronique. L’étape ultime de la Nanotechnologie Bottom-Up est appelée la " nanotechnologie moléculaire ", ou " fabrication moléculaire " et a été mis en perspective par le chercheur K. Eric Drexler. Elle théorise de véritables usines moléculaires, capables de créer n’importe quel matériau par assemblage précis, contrôlé et exponentiel d’atomes et de molécules. Quand on réalise que la totalité de notre environnement perceptible est constitué comme un alphabet, par un nombre limité de constituants différents (atomes), qui selon leur agencement, peuvent donner des créations aussi divers, que l’eau, le diamant, ou l’os, on entrevoie aisément le potentiel quasi-illimité offert par la fabrication moléculaire. Des partisans de la vision plus conservative des Nanotechnologies contestent la faisabilité de la fabrication moléculaire, et se heurtent ainsi à la vision à long terme d’Eric Drexler, le pilier de la théorie sur la fabrication moléculaire. On peut qualifier cette dissension de Nano schisme, même si la majorité des chercheurs s’accorde à dire qu’à maturité d’un développement positif, les nanotechnologies devraient améliorer très significativement les conditions de vie sur terre (et dans l’espace) pour l’ensemble de la population. Perspectives Il y a quelque chose d’ultime dans les nanotechnologies : la matière est manipulée à son niveau le plus élémentaire : l’atome. Les nanotechnologies sont une étape logique, inéluctable du progrès humain. Plus qu’un progrès technologique circonscrit, c’est un nouvel " age " qui est en train de naître avec la maîtrise nanotechnologique. Les domaines d’applications seront multiples ; de la crème solaire aux nano robots réparateurs de cellules. Voici une liste non exhaustive des principaux domaines qui seront affectés par les nanotechnologies : -Les matériaux : de nouveaux matériaux, plus durs, plus résistants, plus légers et moins coûteux. -L’électronique : des composants électroniques toujours plus petits, permettant des calculateurs toujours plus puissants. -Les énergies : avec par exemple un décuplement du potentiel des énergies solaires. -La Santé et les nanobiotechnologies: tant du point de vue de la prévention, du diagnostique et du traitement. Par exemple, des sondes nanoscopiques pourront en permanence surveiller notre état de santé, de nouveaux outils pourront permettre l’élaboration de traitements contre des maladies génétiques, des marqueurs pourront détecter et détruire une à une des cellules cancéreuses etc etc…. De ces larges domaines, découlera un impact sur un vaste spectre d’industries, telles les cosmétiques, les pharmaceutiques, l’automobile, l’électroménager, l’hygiène, le bâtiment, la communication, la sécurité, la conquête spatiale…. L’environnement également, bénéficiera à terme d’énergies plus propres, plus économes, et de matériaux moins polluants. Bref, de très nombreux aspects de notre vie quotidienne seront d’une manière ou d’une autre affectés par la maîtrise des Nanotechnologies, car les Nanotechnologies vont permettre de faire mieux, avec moins. Calendrier Au jour d’aujourd’hui, en ce début de troisième millénaire, des produits nanotechnologiques existent déjà dans le commerce. Ainsi on peut se procurer des raquettes de tennis plus résistantes et légères car composées en parties de nanotubes de carbone, ou encore des cosmétiques contenant des nano particules assurant une meilleure pénétration de l’épiderme. Mais on est encore loin de l’ère nanotechnologique qui envahira notre quotidien. Quand la révolution aura elle lieu ? Quand bénéficierons nous massivement des progrès des Nanotechnologies ? Les estimations varient. Les extrêmes vont de 2010 à 2040, avec progressivement, un développement de l’approche de bas en haut pour aboutir à la fabrication moléculaire si cette théorie peut être mise en pratique sans obstacle majeur. Enjeux, responsabilités L’enjeu du développement des nanotechnologies est continental : l’Amérique, l’Europe et l’Asie s’apprêtent activement à un développement conséquent qui ne s’arrêtera pas de sitôt. Des investissements massifs sont débloqués en vue du développement des Nanotechnologies de par le monde. Etouffer le développement de la grande révolution post industrielle qui se dessine, pour des raisons d’éthique extrême ou de prudence anti-apocalypse serait une grave erreur au niveau stratégique, car plus que jamais, la compétition mondiale sera nourrie, à un tel point que de nouveaux pôles de super puissance pourraient apparaître, notamment en Asie. Cependant, si le développement des Nanotechnologies doit être encouragé, il est à orienter très sérieusement dans le bon sens : des garde fous sont à placer, car comme toute grande avancée technologique, les nouvelles potentialités offertes réservent des inconnus et des risques à craindre telle une compétition effrénée vers de nouvelles armes plus petites et meurtrières. Explorer notre annuaire d'entreprises de nanotechnologie en France -------------------- Si vous désirez enrichir vos connaissances et informations pratiques sur les Nanotechnologies après cette brève présentation, voici une liste de sites spécialisés. Chacun de ces sites est un leader dans son domaine. Foresight Institute Organisation dont le but est de faire avancer les technologies émergentes, en particulier les Nanotechnologies. Vous trouverez sur ce site une documentation complète sur le sujet. Nanovip.com La référence en matière d’annuaire International d’entreprises nanotechnologiques, classées par pays et industrie. Pour ajouter votre entreprise, merci de cliquez ici. Nanotech-now Pour être informé au quotidien des nouvelles du monde nanotechnologique. CRN Site informatif qui présente le enjeux et défis des Nanotechnologies, en particulier de la fabrication moléculaire. Howard Lovy blog Blog indépendant d’Howard Lovy, qui fait part de tous les scoops et anecdotes du monde des Nanotechnologies.

What is nanotechnology ?

Benj — Wed, 11 Oct 2006 18:27:01 +0100

What is Nanotechnology? Presentation by Nanovip.com Reproduction of this presentation is authorized on the condition that a link is provided to the source: http://www.nanovip.com . Introduction The goal for this page is to explain what Nanotechnologies are and to present in a succinct manner the essential principal notions on the subject, so that newcomers to the field are given an overview of the perspectives and issues which will undoubtedly present themselves in the years to come. We should warn the reader that even the definition of “Nanotechnology” is controversial, and that some may wish to qualify our definition. For that reason, we have based our definition on the notions currently held by the professionals in the field. Definition Nanotechnology: The development and practical applications of structures and devices on a nanometer scale (between 1 and 100 nanometers). -This is not to be confused with the term "Nanoscience", which does not describe a practical application but rather the scientific study of the properties of the nanometric world. -"Nano" is a Greek prefix which signifies a "billionth" (one billionth of a meter is the unit of measure in the field of nanotechnology). An atom is smaller than a nanometer, but a molecule can be larger than this measure. -A dimension of 100 nanometers is important in nanotechnology, because under this limit one observes new properties of matter, primarily due to the laws of quantum physics. 2 types of Nanotechnologies A) Top-Down: From top (larger) to bottom (smaller). Mechanisms and structures are miniaturized to a nanometric scale. This has been the most frequent application of nanotechnology up to this point, in particular in the domain of electronics where miniaturization is preponderant. B) Bottom-Up: From bottom (smaller) to top (larger). We begin with a nanometric structure such as a molecule, and through a process of assembly or self-assembly we create a mechanism larger than that with which we began. This approach, considered by some to be the one and only "true" nanotechnology, should allow an extremely precise control of matter. It is in this way that we will be able to free ourselves from the limits of miniaturization, notably in the domain of electronics. The ultimate step for Bottom-Up Nanotechnology is called "molecular nanotechnology", or "molecular manufacturing", which has been brought to the forefront by the researcher K. Eric Drexler. True molecular factories are envisioned, capable of creating any material through a process of precisely controlled exponential assembly of atoms and molecules. When one realizes that the totality of our perceptible environment is constructed of a limited alphabet of different constituents (atoms), which give rise to creations as diverse as water, diamond, or bone, it is easy to imagine the nearly limitless potential which molecular assembly offers. Some partisans of a more conservative vision of Nanotechnology contest the feasibility of molecular manufacturing, and thus hold a conflicting long-term view to that of Eric Drexler, the foremost proponent of molecular manufacturing theory. It is important to keep this dissention in perspective however, because most of the researchers involved feel that the maturity of Nanotechnology is a positive development, and that Nanotechnologies will significantly improve the quality of life on Earth (and in space) for the world’s population. Perspectives There is something ultimate about Nanotechnology: matter is manipulated at its most elementary level, the atom. Nanotechnologies are a logical step, unavoidable in the course of human progress. More than just progress in a narrow realm of technology, this represents the birth process of a new "age" as we harness Nanotechnology’s potential. The areas of potential applications are multiple; from powerful UV-blocking sunscreens to nano-robots designed to repair at the cellular level. Below is presented a non-exhaustive list of the principal domains which will be affected by developments in Nanotechnology: -Materials: new materials, harder, more durable and resistant, lighter and less expensive. -Electronics: electronic components will become smaller and smaller, allowing the design of more powerful computers. -Energy: a vast increase in the potential of solar energy generation is envisioned, for example. -Health and nanobiotechnologies: great expectations are held in the areas of prevention, diagnostics, and treatment. For example, nanoscopic probes could be put in place to measure our state of health around the clock, new tools could be developed to fight genetic disease at the level of the gene, and markers could be created to detect and, one by one, destroy cancerous cells, just to name a few of the many possibilities. Developments in these domains would impact a broad range of industries, such as cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, consumer appliances, hygienics, construction, communication, security and safety, and space exploration. Our environment will benefit as well, in terms of clean, economical energy production, and the use of more environmentally friendly materials. If brief, many areas of our daily lives will be affected in one way or another by the development of Nanotechnologies, because Nanotechnologies will permit us to do better, with less. Timetable As of today, at the dawn of the Third Millennium, nanotechnological products are already on the market. Thus, one can purchase lighter and stronger tennis rackets composed of carbon nanotubes, or even cosmetics containing nanoparticles which allow better penetration of the skin. But we are still far from the nanotechnology era which will impact our daily lives. When will that revolution take place? When will we benefit substantially from progress in Nanotechnology research and development? The estimates vary. The predicted range is from the years 2010 to 2040, with the progressive development of the Bottom-Up approach to its end-point of molecular manufacturing, so that we can test if this theory can be put to practical use without any major obstacles. Stakes, responsibilities The stakes involved in the development of Nanotechnologies are continental: America, Europe, and Asia are actively preparing for ongoing development efforts which won’t be stopping anytime soon. Massive investments are being made for the purpose of developing Nanotechnologies all over the world. To try to suffocate the development of this great post-industrial revolution currently taking shape for extremist ethical reasons, or for anti-apocalyptic prudence, would be a grave error in strategy, because more than ever world competition will continue to develop, and new Nanotechnology super-powers may appear, notably in Asia. So, if the development of Nanotechnologies is to be encouraged, the effort must be made in the right direction: safeguards must be put in place, because as with all great technological advances, new potentialities contain unknowns and risks about which we must be concerned, such as a new arms race based on smaller, deadlier weapons. Browse our site to find nanotechnology companies -------------------- If you would like to further your knowledge and to have access to practical information on Nanotechnologies after this brief presentation, here is a list of specialized sites, each a leader in its domain. Foresight Institute This is an organization which has for its aim the advancement of emerging technologies, Nanotechnologies in particular. Here you will find complete documentation on the subject. Nanovip.com
This resource is the most complete reference directory of international Nanotechnology companies, sorted by industry and by country. To add your nano company, please click here. Nanotech-now A site which presents daily news and information from the world of Nanotechnology. CRN This informative site addresses the stakes and challenges involved in Nanotechnologies, in particular molecular manufacturing. Howard Lovy blog
Howard Lovy, an independent web-log (blog) commentator, presents interesting scoops and anecdotes from the Nanotechnology world.

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